FAD Hmoov 146-14-5

1. Taw qhia

FAD Powder (Flavin adenine dinucleotide, FAD) yog redox cofactor (electron carrier) ntawm flavin protein. Cov flavin proteins muaj xws li succinate dehydrogenase (complex), -ketone Glutarate dehydrogenase, apoptosis-inducing factor 2 (AIF-M2, AMID), folate/FAD-dependent tRNA methyltransferase thiab N-hydroxylated flavoprotein monooxygenase. FAD kuj yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom ntawm pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Koom nrog hauv kev sib txuas ntawm nitric oxide. Hauv vitro FAD (0.0125-0.05 feem pua ​​​​tshuaj) txo UV-B-induced tuag ntawm tib neeg lub pob txha ntawm lub qhov muag epithelial hlwb.

Flavin adenine yog ib hom tshuaj lom neeg ntawm riboflavin.

Flavin yog ib qho derivative ntawm 7,8-dimethylisopyrazine, uas feem ntau muab faib ua riboflavin (RF), flavin adenine mononucleotide (FMN) thiab flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) raws li pawg sib txawv txuas ntawm N (10) txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub nplhaib isopyrazine. RF yog synthesized los ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov nroj tsuag siab dua, uas tsuas yog tau los ntawm cov tsiaj los ntawm cov zaub mov. Nws yog phosphorylated rau hauv FMN thiab FAD hauv vivo thiab koom nrog hauv cov haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv metabolic.

Flavin adenine yog ib hom tshuaj lom neeg ntawm riboflavin. Flavin yog ib qho derivative ntawm 7,8-dimethylisopyrazine, uas feem ntau muab faib ua riboflavin (RF), flavin adenine mononucleotide (FMN) thiab flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) raws li pawg sib txawv txuas ntawm N (10) txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub nplhaib isopyrazine. RF yog synthesized los ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov nroj tsuag siab dua. Tsiaj txhu tsuas tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm zaub mov, phosphorylate nws mus rau FMN thiab FAD hauv vivo, thiab koom nrog cov haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv metabolic.

2.Main Function

1. FAD Powder yog ib qho protetin muaj pab pawg flavin rau kev tiv thaiv kev laus thiab mob qog noj ntshav.

2. Nws tuaj yeem siv rau cov kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab cov mucous membranes, neurological tinnitus, cerebral arteriosclerosis, mob taub hau, mob siab cirrhosis, jaundice thiab lwm yam kab mob siab, kab mob qhov muag, thiab kab mob retinal.
   

Lub npe tshuaj ntawm flavin adenine dinucleotide disodium ntsev yog 1 - (6-amino-9hydrogen-purine) - dioxygen- - D-furan-ribose-5 - (2R , 3S, 4S) - 5 - (3,4-dihydro-7,8-dimethyl) 2,4-dioxybenzopteridine - 10 (2H) {{ 21}},3,4 dihydroxypentanediphosphate disodium ntsev, nws lub npe lus Askiv yog Flavone Ademine Dinucleotide, hu ua FAD; Lub npe nrov hauv Nyij Pooj yog フラビンアデニンジ ヌクレオチドナト ゆ ム, thiab lub npe nrov hauv German yog Flavin Adenin Dinucleotid hauv photo vitamin 2. Cov coenzyme uas tsim ntau yam xanthases hauv vivo koom nrog cov txheej txheem oxidation lom hauv vivo, thiab tseem tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv cov metabolism ntawm carbohydrate, protein thiab rog, tswj kev pom kev ua haujlwm thiab txhawb kev loj hlob. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev solubility zoo dua thiab kev siv ntau dua li riboflavin, thiab qhov ntau npaum li cas tsuas yog 1/100-1/10 ntawm qhov zoo tib yam riboflavin, uas tuaj yeem siv rau kev txhaj tshuaj intramuscular thiab intravenous.

Tsis tas li ntawd, FAD tuaj yeem qhib cov vitamin B6 thiab tswj kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov qe ntshav liab. Thaum lub cev tsis muaj zog, cov txheej txheem oxidation ntawm lub cev raug cuam tshuam, thiab cov metabolism hauv ib txwm muaj tsis txaus, uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov tsos mob ntawm cov vitamin B2 tsis txaus. Nws tsis tsuas yog cuam tshuam rau cov metabolism hauv qabzib, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov roj metabolism, hloov cov concentration ntawm phospholipids hauv plasma thiab cov ntaub so ntswg, tab sis tseem thaiv kev hloov pauv ntawm vitamin B6 thiab folic acid rau hauv lawv cov coenzyme derivatives. Yog li ntawd, thaum tsis muaj, nws yog feem ntau manifested raws li qaug zog, tsis muaj peev xwm ua hauj lwm, thiab nyuaj qhov txhab kho. Ua ntej, pharyngitis thiab angular stomatitis tshwm sim. Tom qab ntawd glossitis, cheilitis (liab tev daim di ncauj), seborrheic dermatitis ntawm lub ntsej muag, dermatitis ntawm lub pob tw thiab ceg ceg, ua raws li cov tsos mob ntawm anemia thiab neurological tsos mob. Qee cov neeg mob muaj qhov pom tseeb ntawm pob txha vascular hyperplasia thiab tsim cov ntshav dawb thaiv, scrositis, vaginitis, thiab lwm yam. Yog tias cov menyuam tsis muaj nws, lawv yuav loj hlob qeeb. [2]

Cov tshuaj lom neeg ua haujlwm ntawm riboflavin yog flavin mononucleotide (FMN) thiab flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), ob flavin coenzymes. Ob coenzymes no ua ke nrog ntau hom proteins los tsim cov proteins flavin, uas koom nrog hauv lub cev cov tshuaj lom neeg oxidation thiab lub zog metabolism. Lawv kuj tseem yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab ke ntau yam oxidase hauv lub cev hlwb, uas yog lub ntsiab enzyme system rau kev ua haujlwm metabolic lossis tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom neeg carcinogens hauv lub cev.

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov vitamin B2 yog kev koom tes hauv cov roj ntsha oxidation thiab lub zog metabolism, tswj kev ncaj ncees ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab cov mucosa, koom nrog cov tshuaj metabolism, antioxidant thiab pom kev ua kom pom kev, thiab cuam tshuam rau kev tsim cov epinephrine thiab erythrocyte. Riboflavin tsis muaj peev xwm ua rau lub cev tsis muaj zog antioxidant. Cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob riboflavin tsis muaj peev xwm feem ntau suav nrog qhov ncauj qhov ncauj qhov ntswg, seborrheic dermatitis thiab peripheral paj cov tsos mob, uas yog tshwm sim raws li khaus khaus, angular stomatitis, cheilitis thiab glossitis. Cov tsos mob ntawm peripheral paj hlwb muaj xws li hypersensitivity, chills, mob, thiab insensitivity rau kov, kub, vibration, thiab txoj hauj lwm.

Raws li ib tug coenzyme nyob rau hauv flavinase, flavin adenine dinucleotide disodium ntsev koom nyob rau hauv lub redox thiab electron hloov system nyob rau hauv mitochondria, thiab muaj feem xyuam rau carbohydrate, rog, protein thiab lwm yam metabolism hauv vivo, thiab plays lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb physiological. Xyoo 1938, Warburg et al. ntse cais cov monomer. Xyoo 1952, Christie et al. ntse txiav txim siab cov qauv tshuaj ntawm cov khoom los ntawm cov tshuaj synthesis. Raws li cov khoom lag luam, flavin adenine dinucleotide disodium ntsev tau txais los ntawm Japanese Pharmaceutical Administration hauv 1994. [2]

Flavin adenine dinucleotide disodium ntsev muaj cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev txo cov ntshav siab, uas tuaj yeem txo cov ntshav siab ntawm luav; Cov nyhuv ntawm cov hlab ntsha thiab lub plawv ua haujlwm tuaj yeem ua rau cov hlab ntsha luav constrict thiab ua rau lub plawv tsis muaj zog. Nws kuj tuaj yeem inhibit qhov nce ntshav qab zib. Thaum FAD txhaj tshuaj rau hauv cov luav thiab dev, nws tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau cov ntshav qab zib li qub, tab sis nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov nce ntawm cov piam thaj hauv cov ntshav los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj subcutaneous ntawm adrenaline. Hauv kev sim ntsuas qhov kev ua haujlwm coefficient ntawm erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EGR) nrog FAD ua coenzyme, nws tau pom tias EGR kev ua ntawm cov neeg mob uas muaj tus kab mob hnyav qis dua li cov neeg ib txwm nyob hauv pawg tswj hwm. Tom qab kev kho mob nrog tshuaj tua kab mob, nws tau pom tias, Kev ua haujlwm yog txhob txwm ua qis (P.

Tom qab txhaj tshuaj ntawm flavin adenine dinucleotide disodium ntsev (FAD), hom metabolic yog tib yam li intrinsic flavin adenine dinucleotide ntawm lub cev, thiab cov ntshav concentration txo qis, thaum noj qhov ncauj, nws yog absorbed los ntawm txoj hnyuv me.

3. Daim ntawv thov

FAD Powder tuaj yeem siv dav hauv Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab Tshuaj.

4.Specification

5.MOA ntawm FAD

Peak cheeb tsam ratio

Dissolve 0.1 g ntawm Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide Sodium hauv 200 mL dej, thiab siv cov tshuaj no ua cov qauv tshuaj. Ua qhov kev sim nrog 5 µL ntawm cov qauv tshuaj raws li qhia hauv Liquid Chromatography<2.01>raws li cov xwm txheej hauv qab no. Txiav txim siab thaj chaw ncov, A ntawm flavin adenine dinucleotide, thiab tag nrho cheeb tsam, S, ntawm lub ncov uas tsis yog flavin adenine

dinucleotide los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke tsis siv neeg.

Peak cheeb tsam piv ntawm flavin adenine dinucleotide

= l.08Al(l .08A plus S)

Cov xwm txheej ua haujlwm:

Detector: Pom pom spectrophotometer (wavelength: 450nm)

Kem: Stainless hlau kem 4 hli nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla thiab 15 cm nyob rau hauv ntev, ntim nrog octadecylsilanized silica gel rau kua chromatography (5 µm nyob rau hauv particle inch)

Kem kub: Qhov kub tsis tu ncua ntawm li 35 degree.

Txawb theem: Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj potassium dihydrogen phosphate (1 hauv 500) thiab methanol (4: 1).

Tus nqi ntws: Kho tus nqi ntws kom lub sijhawm khaws cia ntawm flavin adenine dinucleotide yog li 10 feeb.

Lub sij hawm ncua kev ntsuas: Txog 4.5 npaug ntev npaum li lub sij hawm tuav ntawm flavin adenine dinucleotide.

6.NMR

7. Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Nyab Xeeb thiab Kev Nyab Xeeb

Txhua txoj kev coj mus rau mitochondria

Abstract

Thaum ntxov li 1890, Ernster thiab Schatz (1981) tau piav txog mitochondria raws li cov qauv hauv nruab nrog cev [1]. Txij thaum ntawd los, kev sib sau ntawm kev paub dhau los ntawm ib puas xyoo dhau los tau nthuav tawm ntau cov ntsiab lus ntawm mitochondria, nrog rau lawv cov keeb kwm, qauv, cov metabolism, cov noob caj noob ces, thiab cov teeb liab hloov, nrog rau lawv qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev noj qab haus huv thiab kab mob. Tam sim no peb paub tias mitochondria muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb thiab muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog ntau cov txheej txheem ntawm tes. Lawv yog semi-autonomous organelles uas tseem muaj cov seem ntawm lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv cov kab mob, suav nrog cov genome cais. Lub mitochondrial aging free radical txoj kev xav (MFRTA) xav tias kev laus yog cov khoom ntawm oxidative puas tsuaj rau mitochondrial DNA, muab lub tswvyim uas muab mitochondria rau ntawm daim ntawv qhia kev laus. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau nug txog kev siv tau thoob ntiaj teb ntawm txoj kev xav no, raws li cov pov thawj tshiab los txhawb kev nkag siab tshiab txog yuav ua li cas mitochondria txhawb kev laus thiab cov hnub nyoog ntsig txog kab mob. Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb no yog tias mitochondria tsis yog tsuas yog qhov chaw tsim khoom ntawm bioenergy thiab macromolecules, tab sis kuj yog cov chaw tswj hwm uas sib txuas lus thiab koom tes nrog ntau cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev ntawm cov cellular thiab cov ntaub so ntswg. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm tes, ob txoj kev sib txuas lus thiab kev sib koom tes ntawm cov co evolved mitochondrial genome thiab nuclear genome yog qhov nthuav tshwj xeeb. Mitochondria yog dynamic thiab yoog raws, ua rau lawv lub luag haujlwm rhiab rau lub cellular ib puag ncig. Cov koom haum uas xav tau lub zog siab, xws li lub hlwb, zoo li muaj kev cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb los ntawm lub hnub nyoog nyob ntawm mitochondrial tsis ua haujlwm, uas muab lub hauv paus rau kev txhim kho ntawm cov kev kho tshiab mitochondrial raws li kev kho thiab kev kuaj mob.

Ntsiab lus: mitochondria; Genomic tsis ruaj khov; ua senile; Lub neej ntev; Mitochondrial nucleus; Kev sib txuas lus; Mitochondrial muab tau peptides; oxidative kev nyuaj siab; Kev txhaj tshuaj; Kev mob.

1. Taw qhia

Kev noj zaub mov noj, txoj hauv kev paub txog cov zaub mov, thiab cov metabolism hauv homeostasis muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj heev rau lub neej thiab / lossis kev noj qab haus huv ntawm ntau hom kab mob. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo dhau los, muaj kev vam meej tau ua tiav los ntawm cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev noj haus muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov qauv pub mis rau kev laus, tom qab kev tshawb pom tias txo qis calorie kom tsawg (piv txwv li, txwv tsis pub calories) tuaj yeem ua rau lub neej ntev ntawm nas. Piv txwv li, kev noj zaub mov uas muaj cov protein tsawg lossis cov amino acids tshwj xeeb, noj cov zaub mov ketogenic, kev yoo mov tsis tu ncua, simulated yoo mov noj, thiab kev noj zaub mov raws sijhawm tuaj yeem txhawb kev laus noj qab haus huv. Kev tshawb nrhiav caj ces ntawm Cryptorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, thiab nas kuj tau ua txoj hauv kev rau kev nkag siab tam sim no tias txoj hauv kev pom cov zaub mov tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj kev laus. Nws yog thawj zaug pom nyob rau hauv Cryptorhabditis elegans, thiab ib tug gene manipulation tau pom tias yuav ua tau zoo mus ntev lifespan [2,3]. Tsis ntev tom qab, ob peb lwm cov noob tau pom los tswj kev ua neej nyob, ntau qhov sib cuam tshuam hauv cov tshuaj insulin thiab insulin zoo li cov kev taw qhia. Ib txoj hauv kev sib txuas tau pom nyob rau hauv Drosophila melanogaster, muab lub hauv paus muaj zog ntawm caj ces rau txoj kev laus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, hauv cov nas, qhov tsis xws luag hauv cov tshuaj hormones loj hlob thiab nws txoj kev loj hlob zoo li insulin zoo li -1 (IGF-1) axis tau pom tias yog tus tswj hwm lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm mammalian laus [4]. Txoj hauv kev no qhia txog qhov muaj nyob ntawm kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv hauv lub cev, uas muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj heev rau kev ua neej ntev thiab / lossis kev noj qab haus huv.

Mitochondria yog qhov chaw metabolic siab tshaj plaws, pom meej tshwm sim hauv cov kab mob txog 2 billion xyoo dhau los. Txawm tias niaj hnub no, qhov seem ntawm lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv cov kab mob tseem muaj pov thawj, suav nrog kev ywj pheej genomes nrog cov noob caj noob ces, kev siv cov cim caj ces tshwj xeeb, thiab cov qauv kev faib tawm asexual (piv txwv li, fission). "Lawv yog cov organelles multifunctional uas tsis yog tsuas yog tsim cov feem ntau ntawm intracellular ATP, tab sis kuj ua lub hauv paus tswj kev tswj hwm cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm tes, nrog rau cov txheej txheem cell tuag, tiv thaiv kab mob, macromolecular synthesis (xws li steroids thiab heme), calcium regulation. , thiab intracellular thiab endocrine teeb liab transduction. " Lub versatility thiab adaptability ntawm mitochondria ua rau lawv lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev laus lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua si complex. Qhov kev nce qib tshiab kawg hauv kev tshawb fawb mitochondrial tau txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev laus hauv ntau txoj hauv kev, suav nrog kev tshawb fawb txog kev laus (Daim duab 1). Txawm li cas los xij, daim ntawv qhia molecular coherent kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ntau txheej txheej ntawm mitochondria thaum lub sij hawm laus yog tsis tiav. Kev hloov kho thev naus laus zis, suav nrog mitochondrial genome kho [5-7], duab [8,9], bioinformatics [10-12], thiab cov vertebrate qauv biology [13-15], muaj peev xwm loj hauv kev nthuav tawm tob dua. thiab ntau cov ntsiab lus molecular ntawm mitochondrial muaj nuj nqi hauv cov txheej txheem kev laus thiab cov kab mob muaj hnub nyoog xws li Alzheimer's kab mob / AD. Hauv kev tshuaj xyuas no, peb tham txog qee qhov kev nce qib tsis ntev los no hauv lub luag haujlwm ntawm mitochondria hauv kev laus thiab cov kab mob uas muaj hnub nyoog, nrog rau qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub hlwb.

2. Mitochondrial genomic instability
Thaum lub sij hawm oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), mitochondria hloov electrons los ntawm cov as-ham mus rau oxygen los ntawm electron hloov chains (ETC), yog li ua rau feem coob ntawm intracellular ATP. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv cov txheej txheem no, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm cov complexes I thiab III, feem ntau los ntawm ETC, tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​mob nrog oxygen thiab tsim cov pa oxygen reactive (ROS) [16,17]. Mitochondria yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm intracellular reactive oxygen hom tsim. Tom qab ntawd, mitochondrial reactive oxygen hom, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hydroxyl radicals, tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​mob nrog thiab rhuav tshem macromolecules nrog rau cov proteins, nucleic acids, thiab phospholipids, yog li ua rau lawv lub luag haujlwm. Txawm hais tias cov proteins thiab lipids tau hloov kho yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj tas mus li, DNA kev puas tsuaj los ntawm cov kab mob oxygen uas tsis tau kho tuaj yeem nyob twj ywm thiab sib sau raws sijhawm. Mitochondrial DNA ntseeg tau tias muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua rau ROS kev hloov pauv hloov pauv, feem ntau vim nws nyob ze rau qhov chaw tsim khoom ROS. Nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev xav mitochondrial dawb radical aging (MFRTA), Denham Harman tau xav tias kev laus thiab cov kab mob degenerative yog vim qhov sib ntxiv zuj zus ntawm cov teeb meem mitochondrial DNA hloov pauv los ntawm cov kab mob oxygen reactive [18-25]. Macromolecular oxidative puas tsuaj tau pom thaum lub sij hawm kev laus ntawm ntau yam kab mob [26,27], thiab nws tau tshaj tawm tias cov kab mob ua neej nyob ntev qhia txog qib siab ntawm cov enzymes antioxidant [28]. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau ua nyob rau hauv ntau yam qauv kab mob tau muab cov txiaj ntsig tsis sib xws, qhia tias lub luag haujlwm nyuaj ntawm cov tshuaj antioxidants hauv kev tswj lub neej tsis paub ntau [29 - 38]. Tsis tas li ntawd, piv rau cov nucleus, DNA kho lub peev xwm ntawm mitochondria yuav qis dua [39], uas muab kev txhawb nqa ntxiv rau MFRTA. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau pom tias mitochondria tuaj yeem kho oxidative mitochondrial DNA puas [40]. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov nuclear zoo li complexes uas khi rau mitochondrial DNA [39], qhov deb ntawm cov kab mob ua pa (piv txwv li, cov chaw uas muaj cov pa oxygen reactive) [41 - 43], mitochondrial kinetic txheej txheem [44,45], thiab mitochondrial phagocytosis [46] tuaj yeem muab kev tiv thaiv cov pa oxygen reactive. Txawm hais tias mitochondrial DNA kev hloov pauv zuj zus nrog lub hnub nyoog [47,48], oxidative kev puas tsuaj hauv cov qauv kab mob thiab tib neeg cov ntaub so ntswg laus qis dua li qhov xav tau thiab me me [49-51]. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, tseem ceeb hnub nyoog nyob rau hauv mitochondrial DNA kev hloov pauv yog ntaus nqi rau mitochondrial DNA polymerase (POLG) Replication yuam kev qhia. Qhov tseeb, thaum lub sij hawm mitochondrial DNA replication, nas qhia mutant POLG muaj qhov tsis xws luag hauv proofreading, nthuav tawm supraphysiological mitochondrial DNA mutation load (homozygous Polgmut / mut yog kwv yees li 2500 zaus siab dua, thiab Polg plus / mut yog li 500 npaug ntau dua), thiab nthuav tawm. Kev laus ntxov ntxov phenotype [49,52]. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm hais tias mitochondrial DNA kev hloov pauv hauv homozygous thiab heterozygous mutants deb tshaj cov uas tau pom thaum lub hnub nyoog laus, tsuas yog homozygous nas (Polgmut / mut) muaj lub neej luv luv, qhia tias mitochondrial DNA hloov pauv thauj khoom ib leeg tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab txog lub neej [53 - 55], thiab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam. ntau complex manifestations ntawm mitochondrial genomic instability [56]. Txawm hais tias MFRTA muab lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau kev tshawb fawb txog kev laus, nws txoj kev ua tau zoo tau raug teeb meem [57]. Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov pa oxygen reactive, xws li mitochondrial nuclear redox signals [58 - 61], tuaj yeem ua rau peb nkag siab ntxiv txog lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv kev laus.

3.Mitochondria thiab mob

Kev laus yog nrog los ntawm kev mob ntev, qib qis hauv lub xeev hu ua "inflammatory formation," uas cuam tshuam nrog lwm cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm kev laus thiab cov kab mob uas muaj hnub nyoog [62]. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tau ntseeg tias feem ntau yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev mob ntev ntawm lub cev tsis muaj zog, uas tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev tsis muaj zog, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev kis kab mob [63] thiab stimulation ( txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv ) [64,65], nrog rau cov teeb liab tsis zoo. kev hloov pauv [66]. Mitochondria yog cov kws kho mob tseem ceeb hauv lub cev tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob rau tus kab mob kis [67,68] thiab mitochondrial kev nyuaj siab [69], thiab tuaj yeem teeb liab los ntawm lub cev inflammatory [70], tus xov tooj hu ua receptor (TLR) teeb liab [71-73] , thiab interferon [74]. Lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev lees paub cov kab mob alien cuam tshuam los ntawm cov qauv molecular cuam tshuam nrog cov kab mob los ntawm cov qauv lees paub receptors (PRRs, xws li TLRs). Tib lub sijhawm, PRR txheeb xyuas cov qauv molecular cuam tshuam nrog kev puas tsuaj, xws li mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) thiab formyl peptides. Tom qab txheeb xyuas cov cell puas, aseptic o tshwm sim. Vim yog lub hauv paus chiv keeb prokaryotic ntawm mitochondria, formyl peptides yog cov kab mob zoo li cov tshuaj uas tau tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm cellular stress [74,75]. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia tias kev tso tawm ntawm mitochondrial DNA los ntawm mitochondria yog cov txheej txheem tswj hwm uas xa kev puas tsuaj rau lwm cov subcellular compartments los yog distal hlwb. Qhov tsis xws luag hauv mitochondrial transcription factor A tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab mitochondrial thiab ua rau kev tshem tawm ntawm mitochondrial DNA [74,76]. Oxidative stress kuj ua rau mitochondrial DNA tso rau hauv cytoplasm los ntawm qhov pores tsim los ntawm VDAC (voltage dependent anion channel) oligomers ntawm mitochondrial txheej membrane [77]. Tsis tas li ntawd, apoptosis drives mitochondrial txheej membrane permeability (MOMP) los ntawm kev ua kom apoptotic BCL-2 cov proteins xws li BAX thiab BAK, thiab ua rau mitochondrial DNA tso tawm, [78]. Nrog rau kev nthuav dav ntawm BAX / BAK mediated MOMP, mitochondrial inner membrane yog compressed rau hauv cytoplasm thiab ua pob tshab, tso cai rau mitochondria xa tawm mitochondrial DNA [79]. Lwm lub tswv yim rau mitochondrial DNA thauj thoob plaws mitochondrial inner membrane yog los ntawm mitochondrial permeability hloov pores (mPTPs), uas hla lub mitochondrial puab daim nyias nyias nyob rau hauv teb rau cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv mitochondrial calcium concentration thiab cellular stress [80 - 82]. Mitochondrial DNA tso rau hauv cytoplasm tuaj yeem khi rau cGAS (Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate Adenosine Synthase) thiab xa cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm kev ua kom STING (Interferon Gene Stimulating Factor), xws li Hom I Interferon (IFN) thiab IFN11, 74, 83, 84] ib. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia tias txoj hauv kev cGAS / STING koom nrog hauv kev laus ntawm tes thiab muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov secretory phenotype txuam nrog proinflammatory aging [85 - 87], qhia tias mitochondria koom nrog cell aging los ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Ntxiv nrog rau cGAS-STING ua kom muaj kev ntxhov siab, kev ntxhov siab ua rau mitochondrial DNA puas tsuaj thiab tso tawm kuj txhawb nqa kev kho DNA kho nuclear, qhia lub luag haujlwm ntawm mitochondrial DNA ua ib lub sensor thiab kev sib txuas lus hub rau kev tiv thaiv nuclear genome los ntawm genotoxic kev nyuaj siab [69]. MtDNA kuj ntws tawm ntawm cov hlwb thiab tuaj yeem kuaj pom hauv cov kua dej ntxiv [88,89] thiab cerebrospinal kua (CSF) [90,91], hu ua circulating dawb mtDNA (ccf-mtDNA). CCF-mtDNA muab cov txheej txheem tshiab rau kev sib txuas lus mitochondrial ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg distal [92] thiab cuam tshuam nrog cov kab mob neurological [93 - 95] thiab cov kab mob hauv lub cev [96]. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev ntxhov siab ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws [97 - 101] thiab hnub nyoog [102] nce qib ccf-mtDNA, qhia tias mitochondrial DNA yuav cuam tshuam nrog kev laus ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab mob. Mitochondrial cytokines (mitotic yam), suav nrog kev loj hlob sib txawv ntawm 15, fibroblast kev loj hlob zoo tshaj plaws 21, thiab mitochondrial encoded polypeptides, ntseeg tau tias yuav kho lub hnub nyoog raws li kev hloov kho mitochondrial los tiv thaiv cov lus teb.

4.Mitochondrial kev sib txuas lus

Mitochondria sib txuas lus hauv ntau txoj hauv kev los tswj cov txheej txheem ntawm tes, suav nrog cov metabolism, cov lus teb rau kev ntxhov siab, thiab hloov pauv cov noob caj noob ces. Cov qauv thiab cov peev txheej ntawm kev sib txuas lus mitochondrial tau raug nthuav tawm tsis tu ncua thiab tau raug pov thawj los koom rau hauv cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb hauv lub cev thiab cov txheej txheem intercellular. Txhawm rau kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig hloov pauv ntawm tes, mitochondria sib txuas lus nrog lub nucleus kom xa cov protein toxicity, metabolic stress, thiab inflammatory signals. Ob peb tus neeg nruab nrab ntawm kev sib txuas lus mitochondrial tau raug txheeb xyuas, suav nrog cov protein uas muaj nyob hauv nuclear, mitochondrial encoded peptides, metabolites, inorganic molecules, thiab mitochondrial DNA nws tus kheej. Ntawm no, peb tham txog qee yam ntawm kev sib txuas lus mitochondrial, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog cov nucleus.

Xaus

Mitochondria yog lub ntsiab metabolic organelles, tsis yog tsuas yog cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm bioenergy units thiab loj npaum li cas ntawm macromolecules, tab sis kuj tseem ceeb tswj machinery, ua lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv ib tug series ntawm physiological txheej txheem los ntawm o mus rau nuclear gene tswj. Xav txog tias qhov muaj nyob ntawm eukaryotes tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi los ntawm qhov muaj thiab lub luag haujlwm ntawm mitochondria hauv txhua theem ntawm evolution [2004], nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias lawv tau koom nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm tes. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo thaum ntxov tuaj yeem suav tias yog tus kab mob, ua ke nrog qhov tseeb tias kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab metabolic coevolution [62], conceptually txhawb txoj kev metabolic raws li tus tswj hwm ntawm kev laus [20, 2006] thiab tiv thaiv kab mob [27, 211], thiab. raws li txoj kev koom tes ntawm mitochondria hauv nws. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm tes thaum ntxov dhau los ua qhov nyuaj, cov mitochondrial thiab nuclear genomes kuj tau muaj kev sib koom ua ke dhau los 2 billion xyoo [212213]. Nws zoo li cov xovtooj ntawm tes yog qhov tseeb los ntawm cov khoom siv los ntawm ob lub genomes uas tswj ib leeg los tswj kev hloov pauv cov noob qhia, yog li ua kom cov cell adaptability ntau tshaj. Qhov tseeb, tam sim no tsis paub cov rog ntawm kev xaiv yuav tau xaiv dual genome cellular system es tsis yog ib qho kev sib koom ua ke genome, uas yog qhov tseeb tag nrho vim hais tias tag nrho cov mitochondrial DNA sib lawv liag, txawm tias degraded, yog dispersed nyob rau hauv lub nuclear genome [214215]. "Mitochondrial muaj nuj nqi" undoubtedly muaj ib tug series ntawm cellular txheej txheem uas ua lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv kev laus. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau lub zog zoo li yog lub hom phiaj ntawm lub cev muaj zog uas hloov nrog lub hnub nyoog, ib feem ntawm lawv cov kev hloov pauv hloov tau zoo thiab kev sib raug zoo; Cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv cov hnub nyoog hluas tsis tas yuav tsim nyog rau hnub nyoog laus. Yog li ntawd, kev siv lub holistic thiab evolutionary foundations yuav pab kawm yuav ua li cas mitochondria txhawb txoj kev laus thiab tshwm sim ntawm cov hnub nyoog muaj feem xyuam rau cov kab mob.

8. Daim Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Xeem Thib Peb

Peb tau ua ntau yam kev ntsuam xyuas thib 3 rau cov khoom no hauv xyoo dhau los los ntawm cov koom haum xws li SGS, Eurofins, Pony ect. Ib qho ntawm koj qhov kev xeem yuav tsum tau ua tiav ntawm no.Pls email rau kuv yog tias koj xav tau cov ntsiab lus.

9. Cov ntawv pov thawj

Kono Chem Co.Ltd tau lees paub los ntawm ISO9001 los ntawm lub cev muaj ntawv pov thawj

10.Main Clients

Kono Chem Co.Ltd tau dhau los ua tus tswv cuab tseem ceeb hauv kev muab FAD rau lub ntiaj teb nto moo khoom noj, tshuaj thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce

11. Exhibitions

Peb ib txwm tuaj koom kev ncaj ncees xws li CPHi, FIC, Vitafoods, Supplyside sab hnub poob thiab nthuav peb lub lag luam nyob rau hauv cov ces kaum ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, thiab xav kom cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no tau txais txiaj ntsim los ntawm Kono Chem Co.Ltd.

12. Cov neeg siv khoom tawm tswv yim

Peb muaj Tebchaws USA warehouse hauv Miami thiab EU warehouse hauv ltalis, peb muaj cov khw muag khoom online hauv Alibaba, uas tuaj yeem lav qhov yooj yim ntawm kev hloov pauv, cov tswv yim no kuj tau txais tos los ntawm peb cov neeg siv khoom.

Cim npe nrov: fad hmoov 146-14-5, manufacturers, lwm tus neeg, Hoobkas, lag luam wholesale, yuav, nqe, zoo tshaj plaws, tej, kev muag khoom